Published: 30 October, 2024 | Volume 8 - Issue 1 | Pages: 011-025
Figure 2:
There are multiple pathways in which b-HB effects cellular metabolic processes. Several epigenetic effects via multiple different mechanisms exist (right side of figure). b-HB can directly activate AMP kinase which in turn facilitates the sirtuin system and inhibits mTOR affecting the biological processes depicted in Figure 1. b-HB can both activate genetic transcription in some pathways and decrease activity in others ultimately effecting hundreds of genes and the proteins they code for. In addition to epigenetic effects, b-HB is also a ligand for at least two cell-surface G-protein-coupled receptors HCAR2 and FFAR3. Finally, b-HB can modify histone and non-histone proteins by a process called Lysine β-hydroxybutyrylation (Kbhb) which can affect the activity of the proteins. Ultimately these effects lead to profound metabolic changes promoting an antiaging effect. See text for details. AA: amino acid, AC: Acetylation, b-HB: beta hydroxybutyrate, DNAMT: DNA methyl transferase, FFAR3: free fatty acid receptor 3, HCAR2: hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2, HDAC: histone de-acetylation, Kbhb: Lysine β-hydroxybutyrylation, L: lysine, MET: Methylation, MiRNA: micro-RNA, mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin, SGLT2I: sodium-glucose transport inhibitor.
Read Full Article HTML DOI: 10.29328/journal.ibm.1001028 Cite this Article Read Full Article PDF
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